Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Criminal Evidence - Essay Example When prosecuting a case at trial, you must be ready to defend it as admissible since according to the law the rule of co-conspirator exists, so long as there is independent evidence showing that the conspiracy exist and the two conspirators was present. In child sexual abuse case, some hearsay exceptions are relevant during the trial; courts normally but into consideration excited utterances said by an individual immediately after the bad experience as reliable hearsay. Individual statements or actions made to medical practitioners for reasons of treatment are allowed as reliable hearsay. It is believed that children seeking for treatment see the doctors hence they tell them the truth about their problem (Utah bar journal, 2002). Child sexual abuse cases sometimes take years to go for trial and by then the child might have forgotten or she might no longer remember clearly the details of what happened since she might have made tremendous progress in recovering from the trauma and may be she no longer wants to be reminded. Sometimes even parents may not want the children to be reminded about the bad situation they encountered

The effect of advertisement on people especially children and students

The effect of advertisement on people especially children and students Abstract Advertisement is all around us, we cant run away from it. One of the most important aims of advertising is to persuade consumers to buy a certain product. In general advertising have a negative effect in peoples mind. The product is done to be so effectively on people, so sometimes they are attracted to a product. And after they buy it they realize that the thing they saw in the advertisement is not really true. Advertisement has many effects on people and some of them are health and safety risks from false fact advertising, subliminal advertising, and deceiving children advertising. The false fact advertisements are deceiving people and lead them to buy products which it will affect negatively on them in the future. The most important audience for advertisement is children. Children are being controlled without knowing with the advertisement that is shown mostly on the TV. They are having problems like obesity because of the powerful attraction of advertisement. The third role of th e advertisement is subliminal advertisement and it sends ideas to people especially children and students which is inappropriate for them and effect them in the future. Itani 3 The word media was first used in the 1920s, and since the 1950s, amidst the high level of industrialization, mass media, radio and cinema, have been highly influencing politics. Mass media consists of all media technologies, including televisions, internet, radio, and newspapers, which are used also for mass communication. One of the messages the media transmits is advertising. Advertisement is an action to get the public attention towards a product or business through electronic media, or paid announcements in broad cast. Advertising can be done for a product, idea, person, or an organization. However, its importance lies in its containing only one single message that all the audience members would interpret alike. Advertising is a very important part of marketing. It is all around us, we cant run away from it. Where ever you look you see an advertisement; in your home you watch TV, and on the street seeing billboards. These days, TV and its advertisement are part of most families d aily life. It persuades people to buy their products. Customers get influenced by several types of advertisement to buy a product. These types are shown in different methods, like TV commercial campaigns, print media campaigns, billboards that are put on the streets, posters, product placement in films and TV programs, newspapers, magazines, and the internet. Studies on advertisement showed that TV ads are the most influential type of advertisement because most people watch TV, and because TV has the ability to transmit messages through sound, motion, and sight. Nowadays, commercials advertise their products that dont really function the way shown in the commercial. Advertisement programs should be for the peoples benefits not for the company. Consumers should be aware of risks in health and safety from false advertising, customers and children deceiving, and subliminal advertising. Itani 4 The economy is an important reason to keep advertisement in any country .Without spending every year hundreds of billions of dollars on advertising, many companies will lose money and many people will lose their jobs. On the other hand people are suffering and spending a lot of money on their medical care because they are being poisoned or had a disease because of the false and deceptive advertisement. Smoking advertisement is the most popular advertisement in the TV shows. It encourages people especially the teenagers to start to begin smoking. Smoking is so dangerous; it has many dangerous effects on heath. It causes many diseases like cancer which has no final cure. Smoking commercials are paying a lot of money to grab the attention of the people by their extremely nice advertisements. And people who smoke a lot dont realize the detrimental effect of smoking until they become ill and get obliged to pay more money on their health care. In Australia (2004- 2005) smoking related dis eases killed 14,900 Australians. This means that 40 deaths occurred every day. The major cause of that death was tobacco diseases including cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart diseases. Smoking kills more men than women, and rates were high among the teenagers, young people, and people of lower level of education. We have many advertisements on the TV that are fake-false fact and deceive us and affect our health. Like nowadays, many people without any educational degree advertise for a fake unhealthy medicine for many diseases with a lower price than the real medicine. These advertised product fall under several names like Amana care, Zein, and others. Many of these â€Å"so-called† herbal products contain chemicals some of which were tested to be carcinogens. And, recently it was found that a large number of weight-reducing medications that are advertised under Itani 5 â€Å"100% natural products† contained medicinal chemicals that are known to cause many side effects. Unfortunately, despite these facts, such products continue to be publicized on TV where naà ¯ve people get seduced to buy them. Advertisement has many audiences, but it mainly concentrates on two which are children and students. Warren (2008) argues: â€Å"Over the last 30 years, the percentage of U.S children which have over weight and obese has more than tripled†. The average time that children spend on media was 5 hours a day. This means that obesity and overweight comes from the extra use of media. Food products use a large portion of the television advertisement. Studies on food advertising have concluded that it is largely comprised of unhealthy foods and appeals uniquely suited to children. Commercials of food advertising are playing a big role in making children become obese. They are using the developed graphics to show the food in an excellent way to grab the eye of the audience. Warren (2008) argues: â€Å"With the holistic processing strategies employed, fun and entertaining images of food are easily understood by young children†. Advertiser should promote new initiatives to encourage healthy diets and increased physical activity of children. How can people know the news of the new technology and a lot of varieties without looking on the advertisement? Advertisement is important in our social life, particularly in keeping us updated by indicating new product or replacement if the old ones. It also needs a feedback from the customers regarding any product. On the contrary, many commercials are deceiving people by manipulating the standards of products. It means that sellers are manipulating something that in realty is wrong. Like the hard disk drive product, they show it that it fits 300 GB but in reality it is less than that. They play a psychological role to make people think that the commercials are making products or selling it in a way to make people benefit from it. For example medicine advertisements are shown in way to let people think that they dont need a doctor for health problems, its enough to listen or see the advertisements of fake medicines. Nowadays, television advertising is showing only the positive par ts of the products, but the negative things of the product that effect the human body are hidden. Like the hair color advertisement, they show it shiny and in an excellent way, but when people buy it and the instruction are read and it dont have that it also cause side effects on skin depending on different skins, which is not shown in the advertisements, this will lead to false labeling on products neglect the reality between the customer and the commercial. Moreover people face the main problem for beauty products. Sometimes because of the ad seen on television people may be attracted towards a product that is not much important to their life of those may create negative impacts on the body. It is important to look at the advertisements because it adds to our beauty. It also increases the use of certain product and acquiring more orders. Advertising need new customers to increase the brand recognition. Broyles (2004) says that: â€Å"What is seen as subliminal advertisement nowadays began in 1957 by a movie theater†. Many of the perfumes, shampoos and others accessories ads delivers subliminal sexual messages as all the given who appear in these ads in behave and address in a seducing manner. Children and students are growing up with a bad behavior because of these sexual messages. Many people face problems from beauty products. Sometimes because of the advertisement that is seen on the TV attract people to buy it and it is not important to their life and also may create negative effects on their body. Many advertisement like shopping effect people especially women to buy clothes even though she dont need it but she was attracted by the advertisers. More than that people with little minded that dont have money go and borrow it to buy the product that they think they need. Kilbourne (2000) says that: â€Å"advertising has a great impact in all of us, but we dont realize that†. Advertisement seen every day, so people should choose the right ones and know which is good and bad for them. There must be supervision from the parents on their children.

Biographies of Karl Marx and Frederich Engels Essay -- Marx Engels Bio

Biographies of Karl Marx and Frederich Engels Karl Marx and Frederich Engels collaborated to introduce the liberal ideas of Communism. The Communist Manifesto was their byproduct that was introduced in January of 1828. Marx and Engels lives were drastically different from each other, although they both agreed upon the fundamental ideas of it. Marx’s idea of being an individual stemmed from the life that he lived. Marx found that his ideas were often not accepted in various societies but this did not stop him from professing them. Marx found that his personal ideas could be expressed freely, not in his own country, but in other countries. This soon became a problem because his homeland of Germany tried to oppress him through pressure. Engels life was different because of the family that he came from. Engels was born into the life of a middle-upper class family that allowed him more freedom in his life. Engels found that his individual ideas were accepted from the start but he was not as liberal as Marx. With the experience s and oppression that the men faced for their ideas, it is amazing to see how the Communism Manifesto was established. Karl Marx (1818- 1883) Karl Marx is an intriguing and fascinating man. He was born on May 5, 1818 from two German Jewish parents. Marx’s father was a prominent lawyer in Trier. Marx’s father converted to Lutheranism to safeguard his livelihood. This event did influence Marx’s later view of religion and conformism. His mother was from a long line of rabbis, but these religious beliefs played a small role in his life. He was baptized at age six, but this was the extent his encounter with religion as a child, which prevailed later in his life as he proclaimed himself an atheist. Marx stu... ...Both Marx and Engels believed that the individual should not be repressed in a governmental system. Their thoughts on these ideas came from the events that shaped their lives. Together the dynamite combination of Marx and Engels created a Communist theory that shaped society. Notes [i] Carver, Terrell ed., The Cambridge Companion to Marx (United States: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 4-6. [ii] Koren, Henry J., Marx and the Authentic Man (Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press, 1967), 1. [iii] Lenin, â€Å"Biographical Article on Frederich Engels,† Engels Biography by Lenin, (10 March 2002). [iv] Brian Basgen, â€Å"Karl Marx By: Frederick Engels,† Karl Marx Biography, (08 March 2002).

Genie the Wild Child Essay

1) A case study is when researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals or of small groups. The EX POST FACTO method is an experimental research process, where the researcher manipulates the independent variable, while the dependable variable is controlled with the aim of establishing the effect of the independent variable on the dependable variable. There are many advantages and disadvantages to case studies. An advantage is that it can provide insight to specific cases. A disadvantage is that it may focus on isolated circumstances or events that cannot be replicated. Also a disadvantage is that people interviewed in case studies may distort their past experiences. 2) The scientists were trying to find out if people learn language from their environment or are they born with an innate ability to speak? They were also trying to find out if people can learn a language at any time in their lives or must they learn to speak when they are young? The hypothesis of their study was that she would not be able to come back to be a normal living human that is her actual age. 3) Genie spent nearly all of the first thirteen years of her life locked inside a bedroom strapped to a potty chair. She was a victim of one of the most severe cases of social isolation ever documented. Genie was discovered by Los Angeles authorities on November 4, 1970. Psychologists exhibited great interest in the case because of its perceived ability to reveal insights into the development of language and linguistic critical periods. Initially cared for in the Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Genie later became the subject of bitter debate over where and with whom she should eventually live, moving between the houses of the researchers who studied her, to foster homes, to her mother’s house, and finally to a sheltered home for adults with disabilities in California. Funding and research interest in her abilities eventually ceased and she quickly regressed to her previous state. 4) I do agree with Genie’s treatment by all involved because in the end her treatment made it possible for many new inventions for children that might have possibilities like Genie’s. Her case study made many people think about how children are to be brought up correctly. If I was her teacher, I would try to help her while she is in class. I would also let someone know that I think that she could have some serious problems both mentally and at home. If I was her doctor, I would put her on medication. I would also tell authorities about what is wrong with her and how her home life could possibly be causing these problems. If I was her psychiatrist, I would let authorities know about what I think is going on at her home. If I was a social worker and I saw her, I would be really concerned and want to investigate to why she is acting the way that she was. If I was someone that wanted to adopt her, I would be ready for an experience of a life time and I would also be ready to have someone that needs lots of attention living with me. 5) Her behaviors and mental processes were unlike anyone around her age group. She was very much undeveloped. Researchers believe that this was caused from the lack of human contact. Also, because Genie was brought up in an environment that was not good, her verbal skills were very poor. At the age of 13 she only could understand about 20 words. The words that she did know were harsh and unusual for a little girl to understand. 6) The last time that Genie was found by someone was in 2000. At this time she was living in a privately owned facility for six to eight mentally undeveloped adults. I feel that today she should been someone that could show people what happens to children who are brought up in poor childhoods. 7) My connection to this specific case study is that people, who are brought up in â€Å"unhealthy† early lives, are going to have problems later on in their lives. There is not a specific case study that is similar to this one for many reasons.

Google Case: Ethical Principle

It is rather difficult to talk about ethics as it involves different point of view based on different moral standards one has and based on different ethical principles one uses. This Google China-cases mostly talks about the ethical dilemma faced by the company, whether it should obey the local law or put its global ethical standards as its best interest. Obeying the local law will push them to do self-censoring, which then raise many criticism internationally. Based on ‘cultural relativism’, it is said that ethics are nothing more than the reflection of a culture – all ethics are culturally determined, so that each firm should adopt the ethics of the culture in which it is operating. It has been explained before that China has an totalitarian political system contrasts with the Western culture which supports civil rights and liberties. So, based on this theory, doing self-censoring may be considered as ethical. However, this pragmatic view won’t be very suitable for justifying an action. The restriction from the Chinese government regarding some sensitive political themes may be recognized by some international people as denying the human rights. Here, based on the rights theories, human beings have fundamental rights which establish a minimum level of morally acceptable behavior. Because of the censoring, Chinese people lose their freedom of speech, especially less freedom in receiving information. However, it is part of their law and political system, which should be accepted by every company who wants to conduct business in China. Some Chinese people have accustomed with the censorship, not consider it as violating human rights, and support it for the sake of the nation. By self-censoring their website, Google is complicit with the Chinese government’s effort to restrict the freedom of speech. According to ‘Kantian ethics’, it is wrong toward treating people as means, since people should be treated as ends and never as means to the ends of others. When deciding that the benefits of operating in China outweighed the costs, Google used the ‘utilitarian approaches’. It holds that the moral worth of actions is determined by their consequences. An action will be judged as ethical and desirable if the balance of best consequences are over the bad consequences. What are the benefits and the costs should be measured carefully by Google. Google claimed that ‘Google. cn’ would provide better internet service to its customers in China while making more profit for the company. It also raised ethical awareness by making its users aware that some results were omitted, thus also put pressure on the other companies to do the same. In addition, it is better to give Chinese users access to information, than to none at all. Those practical and ethical benefits combined with the increasing profit has been considered by Google as outweighing the negative effects of censorship. The negative effects for the company might be criticism for the inconsistence with the ‘Don’t be Evil’ motto. For Chinese people, I think, there will be no significant net negative effects as the Chinese users will still get the censored search results, since the government would block the contents using the â€Å"Great Firewall†. After months criticism, Google shut down its Google. cn. It tried to regain its integrity and to protests implicitly the censorship in China. The reasons might come because it realized it couldn’t give better services to Chinese users due to many problems, it had denied the human rights, and also it gained the lower market share and profit rather than expected. It made greater harm for the company. In my opinion, China has different culture and law that should be considered before a company conduct business there. Each company should obey the rules in which it is operating. Censoring is considered as denying human rights in many parts of the world – especially USA, but in China it should be done in order to gain greater advantages for the whole nation. The problem here is because Google has basic ethical principle of ‘Don’t be Evil’ which contradict this kind of action. Moreover, it won’t influence much to Chinese users whether Google stays there or not, as it has better local search engine – Baidu. That is why, considering the condition and all the consequences, it is better for Google to leave China. Next, we can analyze this case based on Kantian perspective called ‘Universalizability’. It means that the companies have the duty to commit only those actions which could be universally applied. It can be demonstrated by the question: â€Å"What if every company agreed to self-censor in order to gain access to China? †. The answer is there will be unbeatable suppression of rights of freedom of speech and information. On the opposite question, the multinational corporations may influence the societal change and perhaps will improve the level of freedom of speech in China.